歐盟能強迫蘋果更換 Type‑C，為何卻統一不了小小的插座？

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歐盟可以迫使蘋果更換 Type‑C 手機接口，卻遲遲無法統一歐洲插座標準。手機接口僅屬企業產品迭代，數年即可完成；而插座綁定國家百年電網、住宅布線、接地安全規範與龐大家電存量，全歐評估過渡期至少需要 75 年。英國特殊插頭來自二戰銅資源短缺下的環形布線設計；德、法雖電壓一致，接地結構卻走向完全不同路線；日本國內甚至存在兩種電網頻率。萬能轉接頭雖方便，但會犧牲接觸與接地安全性，大功率使用有起火隱憂。各式插座並非刻意人為壁壘，而是歷史條件下的現實選擇，這就是基礎設施著名的路徑依賴：過去的選擇，會長久束縛現在的改革。

The EU can force Apple to adopt the Type‑C phone port, yet it cannot unify European socket standards. Phone‑port replacement is merely corporate‑level product iteration achievable within several years. In contrast, sockets are tied to century‑old national power grids, household wiring, earthing safety codes and massive stock of home appliances. The EU estimates a transition period of at least 75 years for full socket harmonization. Britain’s unique plugs stem from loop‑circuit wiring developed amid copper shortages after WWII. Though Germany and France share identical voltage, they adopt totally different earthing structures. Even Japan maintains two domestic grid frequencies. Versatile universal adapters bring convenience at the cost of degraded contact and earthing safety, with fire hazards under high‑power loads. Diverse socket types are not artificial barriers but practical historical compromises. This illustrates well‑known infrastructure path‑dependency: choices made in the past impose long‑term constraints on present‑day reforms.

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